Explain the diglossia situation in Switzerland in terms of how H and L variety are used and the attitudes of the people towards the varieties.
What do you think about it?
There should be 2 parts to your answer - in the first one you have to explain the diglossia situation in Switzerland briefly and in the second explain what you think about the situation.
Answers should not be more than 300 words.
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Diglossia is the language situation which has two or more varieties ranked in a kind of hierarchy from highly valued (H) to less valued (L). These two varieties of language are genetically related which (H) language is mostly applied in formal conditions such as public speaking, religion, and education, while (L) is applied in daily purpose. In this situation, Switzerland can be taken as the example of diglossic phenomenon which consists of Standard German as the (H) variety and Swiss German as the (L) variety, which is considered as the regional dialect. (L) variety, Swiss German, is not recognized as the standard language since it is a mother language. Meanwhile, (H) variety, Standard German as the standard language, can be learned during the development process in childhood since Swiss German is not the standard language. People think that Standard German is considered as more prestigious than Swiss German.
ReplyDeleteLooking at the situation above, I find it a bit confusing in analyzing the situation in Switzerland which is not only about diglossia but also about multilingualism (German, French, Italian, and Romanian). Swiss people will use Swiss German in any casual or daily conditions, but using Standard German for the formal situations. In this case, I assume that the diglossic phenomenon is no totally implemented in Switzerland since there are four official languages here which are also have their own parts, for instance French as the language for Law purposes and high education instead of Standard German. However, in my opinion, the situation of diglossia here is that the code switching from (L) to (H) or conversely often happens in the changing situations. It is quite funny when Swiss people use Standard German in the casual conditions such as entertainment and media and daily conversation.
Fandi N. Prathama
120710128
The official languages of Switzerland are German (spoken by 64 percent of the population), French (19 percent), and Italian (8 percent). (Heatwole, Charles. "Switzerland." Microsoft® Student 2009 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.)
ReplyDeleteDiglossia is a language situation in which two varieties of the same language are currently used for different purposes in a speech community.
There are two kind of status language in diglossia, H variety and L variety. Standard German is the H variety which has mostly prestige for the speaker and taught in the school and used in official publications, newspapers, literature, and church services. H variety has no reference group in the speech community that uses H for conversational purposes, and perhaps no social motivation for others to imitate this practice in their everyday conversation. Parents never speak H to each other (Keller, 1982), children have no opportunity to acquire H as their native variety (Keller, 1982), and, as Ferguson himself has pointed out (1959), no one is ever comfortable in H to the extent that they are in L. Swiss German is the L variety and used in everyday interactions with other Swiss Germans. In many parts of Swiss, people are quite comfortable with their L variety and use it all the time, even to strangers.
It shows that L variety has another place in Switzerland people although it is considered as less prestige. H variety gives a gap to people to communicate and there is no close relationship in H variety conversations because H variety is not used in their daily life not like L variety which is spoken since they born, grow up and make relationships.
Isthiningtyas
120710212
Diglossia is the language situation which has two varieties in the language itself in an area. The varieties are distinguished between the high valued a.k.a H language and the less one a.k.a L language. The h language is usually used as the official language while the other is considered as the informal one. In Switzerland, diglossia occurs in the case of using the standard German as the official language and the Swiss German is the informal one. However, Switzerland has a few more language which each of them has their own function in the society. Therefore, each people in Switzerland expected to comprehend those languages. Yet, the use of those languages is considered less than the used of the Swiss German which is the informal language and the L language. Swiss people are not totally experienced diglossia situation, because only some people comprehend those language. People only comprehend the language that is fit to their need of daily communication.
ReplyDeleteSince this case, in my opinion, the language that is mostly used in daily communication is the informal one which is the Swiss german. As the case that Schiffman proposed in his article, the use of the H language seems to be unnatural and stilted is obvious that it is influenced by the used of the informal language as the main language to communicate in daily life. Therefore, the used of the H language might seem awkward. Since it is rarely spoken, people will be quite unable to speak with it fluently. There must be one or two influence or might be code switching between the H language and the L language which is more common to be used.
Angkita W. K.
120710206
ps. I haven't get invitation yet
Diglossia situation in Switzerland exactly in Enggenwil is about the using of two kind of language varieties in one society or area or town. The languages are local Swiss German and standard German. The using of both are in different context. Local Swiss German is used by people in Enggenwill for everyday interactions with other Swiss German. It is not taught in school but automatically learned by them through their social environment.While the other is Standard German which is learned at school and understood well by people but they rarely used it in speech. Standard German is used in lecture or school and Sermons in church. The newspapers are written in Standard German also. To be underlined here is about people rarely used standard German in speech. People understand well where they have to use local Swiss German and Standard German in another situation.
ReplyDeleteIn my opinion, this diglossia situation is about the distinction of using the varieties of language. The people in Diglossia situation is already understood the kind of languages they use and where they should apply it. Diglossia situation creates two kind of language which is categorized as Low (L) variety and high (H) variety. In this Switzerland case, the Local Swiss German is L variety and Standard German is H. L and H are not about the high or low value of language or prestige but the appropriate variety used in any situation faced by the speakers. The speakers in Diglossia situation will feel strange when they use Standard German in their everyday conversation. It does not even make their prestige become Higher but they themselves will feel uncomfortable. Again, diglossia is not about one variety is better than another but the right variety used in the right situation.
TANTRY AJENG P
120 710 089
PS : I haven't been invited
diglossia is the language situations that consisting of two or more varieties that occurs in a speech community. in Switzerland, however, they are use German, Spanish, and Italian. but, they use German as the national and formal language and Swiss German as the informal language. the Swiss German language does have a called "standard," although this is defined not by any particular dialect but is dependent on cooperation between speakers. furthermore, the Swiss dialects are more widely accepted by the German speakers there as a valid forms of communication, even of literature. because Switzerland is a multilingual nation, with both German, Italian, and French speaking citizens, the political and economic affairs of the country must be accessible to all concerned.
ReplyDeletein my opinion, this situation is same with our country, Indonesia, which also have multilingual languages. then we choose malay (bahasa melayu) language as our national language, which is named Bahasa Indonesia.
oia lupa...
ReplyDeletethis post is from intan firly 120710111
As I know that Switzerland is the one of place which can be categorized as Diglossia, the common language which usually used by people there, are local Swiss German and the other one is standard German. Here the function of standard German as the H (high) variety which used in formal situation, while for the local Swiss German as the L (low) variety language which used in less or even informal situation. The attitudes of people towards this diglossic situation is, people usually used H variety or standard German in a formal situation such school, University, office, in a formal speech, and etc. People generally respect to the H variety because it has prestige and has sense of high status, especially to the people who use it. While for the L variety, is usually used in everyday language. Although H variety or standard German is more prestige than L variety or local Swiss German, however people are quite comfortable using the L variety all the time in everyday language, especially in formal language they still use H variety.
ReplyDeleteMy opinion about this disglossic situation, I think that disglossic situation is complicated, especially about the usage between H and L variety, especially for stranger. People should know the use of H and L variety in this place, beside they should have a good ability in this two very distinct language varieties of German. Although people respect and admire to H variety, but sometimes they can’t understand it, because it standardized in grammars books and dictionaries. The H variety may also used in another country as normal communication, while the L variety just used by local people. So, before using the two variety of language, we should know the use of H and L variety in a certain situation in order there is not misunderstanding when we communicate with other people.
~Nofita Widayati/120610258~
In Switzerland, L and H variety are used in different context of situation. For L variety that in this case is Swiss German, it is used in everyday communication each other while for the H variety, standard German it is often used in formal situation and also in the written language though Switzerland people to communicate with Swiss German. The H variety of standard German is used in court, political, and also in literary. The standard German also was learnt in the schools and in the Universities. The other is that standard German also applied in most medias in Switzerland such as in some Radio and Television programs and the one that unless important is in most serious and formal church services.
ReplyDeleteFor me, as in the other diglossia case the situation in Switzerland is the Standard case in diglossia, means that L variety often used in the formal situation as when people talk each other and also in daily interactions while for H variety in Switzerland it is used in more formal situation. For me this kind of diglossia case in Switzerland is such of difficult thing because while in the daily interaction people use Swiss German but in the schools, universities, government instances, they use Standard German. The other is that L variety in Switzerland used in the oral communication each other while for H variety it is applied in the written context.
RUFFINA PRAMADYTA A. B.
120610255
Diglossia is the situation when people use two varieties of language in the same situation, there are two kinds of varieties, high (H) and low (L). We can use (H) for the formal situation, and we can use (L) for the informal situation and also in the people who have a close relationship with others. Diglossia also occurs in Switzerland, as we know that Switzerland has two kinds of languages that the people use, they are Swiss German and standard German. People in Switzerland are using Swiss German is in the informal situation, for example the conversation among people in Switzerland in their daily life. While they are using standard German is in the formal situation. For example they speak in education term, with the older people than them, and in the office when they talk about business with their boss. They can take a place where they speak with whom and where they speak. On the other word, we can conclude that Swiss German is (L) variety and standard German is (H) variety.
ReplyDeleteIn my opinion, the situation of diglossia that occurs in Switzerland is as the same as in Indonesia, where the (H) variety we use when we make conversation with the older, and in a formal situation, we have to speak more polite than we speak with our friend or in our daily activities. We use (L) variety when we make conversation with our friend and in our daily activities. In this case, we speak in an impolite way to others. We cannot mix both of those varieties, we have to know where and when we speak and we use (H) or (L) varieties.
errania A.
120610060
Ps: I haven't invited yet
Diglossia is a situation that there are two form of language in society and have each different purpose. They are H (high) and L (Low). H form is formal language and L form is informal language. This situation also happen in Switzerland. Switzerland is the nation of multilingual. The citizen are French, Italian, German. People in there uses two form of language. They are Standard German and Swiss German. In this case, Standard German as H form and Swiss German is L form. Standard German can be named as the official language and the informal language is Swiss German. Standard German as formal language usually be used at business, education, or formal situation. While Swiss German as informal language usually be used at informal situation such as in daily communication. Many people in Switzerland more use Swiss German.
ReplyDeleteIn many opinion about diglossia, this case is happened in many country. With language, we can communicate with other people. But we must pay attention for using H form and L form of language. Example in our campus, if we speak to our lecture, we must use H form of language. While if we say something to our friend, we can use L form. Another example is our parents teach language use L form. It can concluded that H form is more formal than L form.
DWI YUNIAR RIANAWATI
120710236
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThe typical diglossic situation occurs with an assumption that the standard variety of language which is considered as H variety has a high prestige, whereas the informal one as the L variety has a low prestige. Switzerland as multilingualism nation has four official languages, they are Swiss Standard German (SSG) which is the variety of Standard German, French, Italian and Romansh. The typical case of diglossia occurs in Switzerland society through the usage the German-speaking part between the SSG as the H variety and the Swiss German which is considered as one of the Alemannic dialect as the L variety although it is actually considered not really to have a low prestige within Swiss society.
ReplyDeleteActually the existed claim that says the usage of SSG and Swiss German dialect as the diglossia has also been debated. In my opinion, what have emerged is that it isn’t really a diglossic situation. In the theory we are able to know about the partial or medial diglossia and I think this is what emerges actually in the usage of German-speaking part in Switzerland. Within Swiss society, the partial or medial diglossia occurs since the spoken language is mainly the dialect whereas the written language is mainly the SSG which is formally learned in school. Swiss people speak either Swiss Standard German or Swiss German dialect, and they are conscious about this choice. It is not like in most regional languages in Europe, Swiss German is the spoken everyday language of all social levels, in all situations of daily life in industrial cities as well as in the countryside. The usage of Swiss German doesn’t really have a low prestige because it conveys no social nor educational inferiority and it is done with pride.
DINI FITHRIATIL LAILI
120810294
Diglossia is the using of two languages by communities. According to Ferguson (1959), diglossia was described as a kind of bilingualism in a society in which one of the languages is High (H) and Low (L). H) is usually the written language, has high prestige, and is used in formal situation, whereas (L) is the spoken language, less prestige, and is used in informal situation. One of the known examples is German, which is there are two kinds of languages that is used; those are Letzebuergesch or ‘Standard German’ as High (H) language and ‘Swiss German’ as Low (L) language. In German-speaking Switzerland, people use Standard German in a certain area even used in offial department, schools, churches, while Swiss German is used to talk or communicate with family, neighbors, and friends. Swiss German is used by native speakers of Swiss Germanand the worst, because there is no clear-cut hierarchy. Swiss German was once consensually agreed to be in a diglossic hierarchy with standard German, but it changes now. In Switzerland, no one L variety is recognized as a standard; the speaker must learn to accommodate their variety to those of others, sine the use of H Schrifdeutsch is not considered appropriate between Swiss citizens.
ReplyDeletein my opinion, it is common for country which consists of multilingual language such as German. But then, we have to keep aware in using H language or L language, because its condition does not happen in other country and have the same perception. I think using L language does not mean we are not educated, it is only based on the context of using language whether it is appropriate or not.
Lailul Maulidiyah
120710199
Nb; excuse mom, i have not invited yet. Thus I give the answer directly through open the address.
n Switzerland, the phenomenon that we can see is two very distinct varieties of German. One is the Swiss German for Low variety and Standard German for High variety. This term has been used both in narrow sense and in a much broader sense and in the narrow and original sense of the term, diglossia has three crucial features or criteria; two distinct varieties of the same language are used community, with one regarded as High (H) variety and the other a low (L) variety and each of that variety is used for quite distinct functions. The Swiss German dialect uses in everyday life interactions. However, the standard German uses at school and written on newspaper. In lecturer and the sermons also use standard German. From that phenomena, we can see that the L variety use in informal situations such as in everyday life, and H variety use in formal situation and place or in educations system. In Switzerland, the phenomena that L variety is not a superior or distant because there are just the situations to applied the term of diglossia. The use of H variety in Switzerland conversely may be seen as a power-trip designed to put the Swiss speaker at a disadvantage.
ReplyDeleteIn my opinion, it’s very nice than other phenomena of diglossia. Because in this phenomena in Switzerland the differences of dialect or variety just seen the time and the place or conditions of the people. So, they use L variety to communicate with other people in their everyday life such as their parent, friends, and another person that they meet in informal situations. And they will use H variety in more formal situations. Actually they will use both of them in different situations.
Fathul Abas_120710023
Sri wahyuni Heri P
ReplyDelete120710126
Diglossia is the sociolinguistical situation in which two languages are used with a diferent social value: the high (H) variety is used for formal functions, generally in writen issues, and the other (L) is used for informal functions, spoken basically. Standard German is used to written communication and formal spoken communication, such as university instruction, primary education, sermons, and speeches by government officials.Swiss German is used in informal, interpersonal communication: conversation in the home, among friends, in marketplaces.
If I read this blog, some people said that diglossia in switzerland is the same as in Indonesia, i disagree with that opinion. In my opinion, in Indonesia there is no diglossia, the languages that exits in indonesia are in the same level. If i give an example about javanese language, there are “kromo inggil” and “ngoko”, those are not diglossia, because i think that pattern is originally from its language. Also,we can not say that javanese is the diglossia of Indonesian (Indonesia is H variety and javanese is L variety) because javanese itself has standard language. It’s also taught in the school and if we see in the “Kraton”, javanese is used to speak to the King. It means that javanese is not low variety.
Diglossia is the condition where two kinds of language that people use in certain area, they are H variety and L variety. H is considered as a formal language where people use this language in formal situation. Instance, public speaking, speech, and education term. While L is considered as informal language where people use this language when people is in an informal situation, like conversation between friends. This phenomena is happened in Switzerland. There, people use more than one language, such as Standard German and Swiss German. Standard German is categorized as H, while Swiss German is categorized as L variety. Here, Standard German is usually used when Switzerland people is in formal situation. As the official language of Switzerland, Standard German is used to have public speaking. So, they have to use H in order to be more polite. Another example is a conversation takes place in office between office boy and his manager. This phenomena is similar with the example above, when office boy is talking to his manager, he must use Standard German (H) in order to be regret and polite. While, Swiss German (L) is used in informal situation, such as a conversation between friend and in our daily activity.
ReplyDeleteI think diglossia phenomena is also happened in Indonesia. There are many kinds of language that is used. Like, the use of Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Surabaya. Here, Bahasa Indonesia is used to formal situation, such as in a school, when we talk to a teacher. While, Bahasa Surabaya is usually used in informal situation. Like, when we talk to our friends or close friends, we prefer to use Bahasa Surabaya than Bahasa Indonesia in order to be closer. Based on the example, I can conclude that Bahasa Indonesia as H and Bahasa Surabaya as L.
CHINDERA ANGGI P.
120610052
PS: sorry mam, I haven't been invited by Ms.cici. So, I use my friend's account to send this post.
Diglossia is a situation where we use two languages in a certain area. In a language we have H and L, it means that H shows high language and L shows low language. In Switzerland there are so many languages, such as they use Swiss German for low language and Standard German for high language in formal situation which is used in a office, church, campus, etc. For example in campus when we are in a class and we are talking with lecture. We use formal language because it’s more polite. Besides that it’s impossible if we use informal language when we talk to older people, and the sound looks like rough. While the L shows the low language, it shows when we are talking to our friend we use informal language or modern language and usually more impolite because we have close relation while in another area and situation. From the example above, we know the use of H is for formal situation and the use of L is for informal situation. In Switzerland, there are two language consist of Swiss German for L variety and Standard German for H variety. So, I can conclude that diglossic situation phenomenon in Switzerland is a varieties of languages that use in a formal language as a high language (H) while informal language shows as a low language (L) which is used in informal situation.
ReplyDeleteIn my opinion, in Indonesia we also have the same situation like this. In Indonesia we also have H and L where there is applied in our daily life. Because of that Indonesia has many language variations, so it can be separated with H and L variety.
ADINDA SHAYLINATASIA VIRGIN
120610246
diglossia is a situation where there are two or more closely related languages in given society. one of the languages is (H) variety that has high prestige, and another of the languages is (L) variety that has low prestige. (H) is usually the written language, whereas (L) is the spoken language. Both of them are used in the different situation. (H) is used in formal situation, while (L) in informal situation.
ReplyDeleteIn switzerland, the L variety is Swiss German and H variety is Standard German. Swiss natives are more comfortable to use Swiss German in their daily conversation unless there are Germans or Austrians involved in the conversation, Swiss natives will usually switch to accommodate them. In contrast, Standard German is used in newspaper, novel, public speaking, religious texts and practice, education, and other prestigious kinds of usage. Swiss German and Standard German are really different in their sounds. Standard German uses more case markers on nouns and tense inflection on verbs.
I think the diglossic phenomenon in Swizerland is not surprising since there are a lot of countries that also have diglossia situation. In my opinion, this situation is hard for people who want to learn the language of certain countries, especially in bilingual or multilinguals countries.it is maybe little confusing for them.
Dewi N. Nufus
120710114
Eva Nur Mazidah
ReplyDelete120710209
Sociolinguistics
Switzerland is multilingual nation with German, Italian, French, English and other dialects-speaking citizens. Switzerland also applies the system of diglossia which distinguishes functions of languages they use in their daily life. The notion of diglossia itself can not swap these functions (H and L varieties) one another. H is used for formal situation e.g. political matters, school, government, lectures, non-fiction writing, church services, etc. While L (Swiss dialects e.g. Italian, French, English, German, etc.) is used in daily spoken conversation, fiction writings, etc.
One example in the world of diglossia is the German-speaking Swiss. They speak what’s considered to be H variety in Switzerland. They speak (in their belief-Germany as standard German for daily conversation) Schriftdeutsch towards people in Switzerland. The result is that they are consider to address a wrong language to use(violation of variety function). Why? Because they speak H variety in Switzerland in a wrong place.
Further, the case in Switzerland is that diglossia in Switzerland is heterogeneous diglossia. It means that it has more than one L variety which is not intelligible. As I stated before, Switzerland uses some different languages. It becomes a new problem there that actually they have no other unified language except H variety so called Schriftdeutsch and indeed the function of language use can not justify its use in other context because H is not considered to be used id daily spoken language (otherwise it will be judged as violation). One thing that is commonly done by them is that by accommodating their variety to other variety in order to be intelligible. Thus, there are some developments in the matter of varieties they use. They often adapt vocabularies from other varieties to ease them in accommodating their communication understanding because it is inappropriate to use Schriftdeutsch.
thank you.
Diglosia is using of two language in community which have H-variety and L-variety. H is used in formal situation like education, research report etc. while L-variety is used in informal situation such as in daily life. H variety has higher prestige than L variety.
ReplyDeleteSwitzerland use standard German as their H-variety language and Swiss German as L variety language. Swiss German language is the spoken everyday language of all social levels in industrial cities as well as in the countryside. standard German use in written and formal situation and like in school, political and other formal situation. the using of L variety make people seen like have closer relationship than H variety.
i think this situation is quite same in bi-lingual or multilingual country. we should considered the language that should we use in certain situation. but usually people will influenced by their daily language or L variety and make them use code switching. so if we want to go to the country which is diglossia or multilingual language is better to study both of the language.
Novylia Puspitasari
120710082
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteDiglossia is varieties of language or dialect which are used in a community or society. Switzerland is the multilingual country where the Swiss citizen speak in different languages suc as, German, French, Italian, English,etc. in diglossia itself there are two varieties of language, high language (H) and low language (L). Standard German is the H because it is considered as the language which have the high social prestige in society. But nowadays, standard German (Schriftdeutsch)is used in spoken or written rarely. The citizen often prefer to use the L (French, Italian, English, etc) for interacting and communicating to the other members in their society.Because they considered that H (Schriftdeutsch) is not appropriate between Swiss citizen.
ReplyDeleteI think the diglossia situation in Switzerland is complicated. H as the language has the high social prestige or status in society is used rarely by the Swiss citizen. they prefer to use their own language (L) for communicating with the others. Whereas, I think that H can be considered as national language. When H is never used for communicating in society, I worried the national language will be lost. Because the L will dominate the use of language in a country.
Galuh Ayu Pratiwi
120 710 247
Diglossia means the condition in community or society that two or more languages varieties coexist in daily speech. The varieties are called H and L, H or “high” is often used as standard variety and L or “low” as secondary term. In Switzerland, there are two exists varieties in speech, there are Standard German or H that usually used in formal condition such as in office, newspaper, journal,etc. And Swiss German or L usually used in informal condition such as in daily speaking with friends, in public place, etc. The use of Swiss German is more common than Standard German for the Swiss people because it make them closer especially when they are speak in daily conversation (not in formal speaking). The Standard German usually used when people make a conversation with their leader in company, or between student and lecturer in school.
ReplyDeleteI think, the diglossia in Switzerland is a phenomenon that also happen in some other countries such as India and Canada, etc. they use different varieties of language in different situation but usually the pattern is H used in formal situation and L in informal situation just to differentiate the condition.
Hadi Surahman Indra Ferianto
120710248
In Switzerland, there are two varieties of language which are Standard German and Swiss German. One of them is regarded as High variety than another. Here, the High variety is Standard German, while Swiss German is the Low variety. What we name Diglossia is a situation of language in which it has two different functions in the communities. Standard German is used in formal situation, such as education, religion, literature, newspaper, etc. Whereas, Swiss German is used in everyday interaction or low prestige of communication such as talk to servants, in market, etc. The Low variety is never used in formal situation and in vice versa because the function is very different. If it happens, it will considered as improper language. Those varieties is actually diglossia in the past. Nowadays, people usually prefer to use the L varieties as their language to communicate with others.It also occurs in television in which it used the H variety before. The shift of the language use is from H to L. It means that the H and L variety can be shift. So, here, in my opinion, diglossia is depended on the communities itself and the development of people and other factors.
ReplyDeleteVerdiana - 120710233
Diglossia in Switzerland is between the Standard German as the H language and Swiss German as the L language. Diglossia is a language situation in which two different languages or varieties are functionally complementary (Clyne, p. 2), the High Standard German or Schriftsprache is used in the academic, political and other formal situation but Swiss German is used in vernacular situation. The fact that attracted most of the linguist especially the sociolinguist is the use of l language Swiss German is considered is wider in the Swiss people than the use of Standard German. The Swiss people is more likely to use the Swiss German rather than the Standard German.
ReplyDeleteThe diglossic phenomenon as occurred in Switzerland whereas the H variety of language no longer considered as the prestigious language also occurred in other parts of the world, e.g. in Arabian society. This kind of phenomenon is kind of usual occurred within diglossic societies. Particularly in the post-modern world where the one that considered as high culture no longer regarded as the model of society. Swiss people only apply High Standard German in limited and very casual situations. Among Swiss people they’d rather to use the Swiss German the L one in the conversation, they also use and taught Swiss German to their children which then eventually make the use of Swiss German is spreading among Swiss people. Another fact that I can find from the diglossic phenomenon within Swiss society is that the common people feel reluctant to use the High Standard German because they don’t want to be considered as high people by other. They decided to speak the L language the Swiss German in order to create an equal situation and close relation between the two speakers
Diglossia situation exists in a society when it has two distinct languages which show clear functional separation. These two distinct languages consist of H (high) variety and L (low) variety. H variety is mostly applied in formal conditions and also likely to be learned in some kind of formal setting since it is the prestigious and powerful variety. L variety is applied in daily purpose and often shows a tendency to borrow learned words from the H variety, particularly when speakers try to use the L variety in more formal ways. In Switzerland, Standard German is the H variety and Swiss German is the L one. Swiss German diglossia has its own stabilizing factors. Switzerland is a multilingual country, with German, French, and Italian as its three official languages. Strong constitutional protection is provided for Standard German as the H variety which is taught in the schools and used in official publication, newspapers, literatures, and church services. It is said that Standard German is more prestigious and more powerful as it is used in many formal conditions by the people. However, people are more comfortable using the L variety all the time in everyday spoken
ReplyDeleteIn my opinion, in the case of diglossic phenomenon in Switzerland in which the Swiss German is usually spoken, there should be any code-switching between the H and L variety. People are more comfortable to speak in Swiss German but they also face the situation that the Standard German is the H variety, thus code-switching might be applied in this kind of diglossic situation.
HESTIANA DEWI
120710215
Diglossia is kind of situational languages which are consisting of two varieties: H (high) variety and L (low) variety. High variety is language which is using on formal situation, high level, written language such as: newspaper, literary books, school, office, church, etc and Low variety is using on informal situation low level, spoken language such as: in our daily activity with friend, family or on public area.
ReplyDeleteIn Switzerland, the country which is consists of two languages: Standard German or High variety is using for formal situation such as in school between the teacher and the student, in office between the boss with the employee, dealing in business etc. And Swiss German or Low variety is using for informal situation such as in our daily activity with friend or our neighborhood
In my opinion, diglossia not only occurs in Switzerland which has multilingual language but also in many countries, such as Indonesia. In Indonesia, when we communicate with elder we must use formal language (H) and when we communicate with our friend we use informal language (L). Actually, diglossia uses to make our communication more intimate each others.
aditya pratama
120830205
Diglossia is a situation where, in a given society, there are two (often) closely-related languages, one of high prestige, which is generally used by the government and in formal texts, and one of low prestige, which is usually the spoken vernacular tongue. The high-prestige language tends to be the more formalised, and its forms and vocabulary often 'filter down' into the vernacular, though often in a changed form.
ReplyDelete(H) is usually the written language whereas (L) is the spoken language. In formal situations, (H) is used; in informal situations, (L) is used. H is strictly standardized; grammars, dictionaries, canonical texts, etc. exist for it, written by native grammarians. L is rarely standardized in the traditional sense, or if grammars exist, are written by outsiders. In most diglossias examined, H was more highly valued (had greater prestige) than was L.
In Switzerland, Swiss Standard German, which is quite similar but not identical to Standard German as used in Germany, is used for most written functions and such highly formal spoken genres as university lectures, while local dialects, known collectively as Schwyzertüütsch, are used for most spoken purposes. In general, then, the Swiss dialects are by far more widely accepted by the German speakers there as valid forms of communication, even of literature. There is, however, an interesting phenomenon that occurs in Switzerland as regards Standard High German. Since Switzerland is a multilingual nation, with both German-, Italian-, and French-speaking citizens (as well as the Romansch speakers), the political and economic affairs of the country must be accessible to all concerned. This situation, in which the Swiss dialects fulfill most functions of daily life, but High German may be of a certain usefulness, is termed a diglossia: "a language situation in which two different languages or varieties are functionally complementary.
Novany Imaniar
120610113
Ferguson's classic examples include Standard German/Swiss German, Standard Arabic/vernacular Arabic, Standard French/Kréyòl in Haiti, Katharevousa/Dhimotiki in Greece, and Bokmål/Nynorsk in Norway. Kréyòl is now recognised as a standard language in Haiti. Swiss German dialects are hardly languages with low prestige in Switzerland; and colloquial Arabic has more prestige in some respects than standard Arabic nowadays (see Chambers, Sociolinguistic Theory). And after the end of the military regime in 1974, Dhimotiki was made into Greece's only standard language (1976). Nowadays, Katharevousa is (with a few exceptions, e. g. by the Greek Orthodox Church) no longer used. Harold Schiffman writes about Swiss German: "it seems to be the case that Swiss German was once consensually agreed to be in a diglossic hierarchy with Standard German, but that this consensus is now breaking." There is also a lot of code-switching especially in the Arabic world; according to Andrew Freeman this is "different from Ferguson's description of diglossia which states that the two forms are in complementary distribution." To a certain extent, there is code switching and overlap in all diglossic societies, even German-speaking Switzerland.
ReplyDeleteExamples where the High/Low dichotomy is justified in terms of social prestige include Italian dialects as (L) and Standard Italian as (H) in Italy and German dialects and standard German in Germany. In Italy and Germany, those speakers who still speak dialects typically use dialect in informal situations, especially in the family. In German-speaking Switzerland, on the other hand, Swiss German dialects are to a certain extent even used in schools and to a larger extent in churches. Ramseier calls German-speaking Switzerland's diglossia a "medial diglossia", whereas Felicity Rash prefers "functional diglossia". Paradoxically, Swiss German offers both the best example of diglossia (all speakers are native speakers of Swiss German and thus diglossic) and the worst, because there is no clear-cut hierarchy.
Bayu Bimantara
120610031
As we know Switzerland is the nation of multilingual. The citizen are used language like French, Italian, German in Switzerland. Diglossia in switzerland is between the Standard German as the H (High) language and Switzerland German as the L(Low) language. That means,The High Variety language in Switzerland, Standard German can be said as the official language and the formal language is Swiss German. The standart language is used in formal situation like in Education, Bussines, Media, etc. The Low Variety Language Swiss German as informal language usually be used at informal situation or everyday language example is in daily communication and interaction. Many people in Switzerland often use Switzerland German.
ReplyDeleteI Think, the situation of diglossia that occurs in Switzerland , while we communicate we must see the situations, So, it can be said, depends on the situation. in what situations we must use H or L language.
Josef K.R
120610068